Identification of non-regulated aromatic amines of toxicological concern which can be cleaved from azo dyes used in clothing textiles.
نویسندگان
چکیده
Azo dyes in textiles may release aromatic amines after enzymatic cleavage by skin bacteria or after dermal absorption and metabolism in the human body. From the 896 azo dyes with known chemical structure in the available textile dyes database, 426 azo dyes (48%) can generate one or more of the 22 regulated aromatic amines in the European Union in Annex XVII of REACH. Another 470 azo dyes (52%) can be cleaved into exclusively non-regulated aromatic amines. In this study, a search for publicly available toxicity data on non-regulated aromatic amines was performed. For a considerable percentage of non-regulated aromatic amines, the toxicity database was found to be insufficient or non-existent. 62 non-regulated aromatic amines with available toxicity data were prioritized by expert judgment with objective criteria according to their potential for carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and/or skin sensitization. To investigate the occurrence of azo dye cleavage products, 153 random samples of clothing textiles were taken from Swiss retail outlets and analyzed for 22 high priority non-regulated aromatic amines of toxicological concern. Eight of these 22 non-regulated aromatic amines of concern could be detected in 17% of the textile samples. In 9% of the samples, one or more of the aromatic amines of concern could be detected in concentrations >30 mg/kg, in 8% of the samples between 5 and 30 mg/kg. The highest measured concentration was 622 mg/kg textile. There is an obvious need to assess consumer health risks for these non-regulated aromatic amines and to fill this gap in the regulation of clothing textiles.
منابع مشابه
The significance of azo-reduction in the mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of azo dyes.
Azo dyes are widely used in textile, printing, cosmetic, drug and food-processing industries. They are also used extensively in laboratories as either biological stains or pH indicators. The extent of such use is related to the degree of industrialization. Since intestinal cancer is more common in highly industrialized countries, a possible connection may exist between the increase in the numbe...
متن کاملBiodEnz:A database of biodegrading enzymes
UNLABELLED Azo dyes, which re characterized by azo bonds, are a predominant class of colorants used in tattooing, cosmetics, foods, textile and consumer products. Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2), lignin peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.14) , Azo reductases (EC 1.7.1.6) of different micro organisms are mainly useful for the development of biodegradation systems as they catalyse reductive cleavage of azo groups (-N...
متن کاملDestruction of azo dyes by anaerobic–aerobic sequential biological treatment: a review
Dyes are synthetic organic compounds widely used in various industries such as, textile, leather, plastic, food, pharmaceutical, and paints manufacturing industries. Coloured effluents are highly toxic to the aquatic life and mutagenic to humans. Wastewater containing dyes has become an important issue demanding serious attention. Among the synthetic dyes, azo dyes are the largest and most wide...
متن کاملSynthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial activity of 2- Amino-1,3-benzothiazole, Schiff bases and Azo dyes of 2-Amino- 1,3-benzothiazole
2-Amino-1,3-benzothiazole was synthesized and schiff bases were prepared by reacting a series of aromatic aldehydes with 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole to form a number of potentially biologically active compounds. Azo dyes of 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole were synthesized by reacting various aromatic amines , substituted amines and phenols. The structures of 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole, Schiff bases and ...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
دوره 69 2 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2014